Understanding Bipolar Disorder - Part 1
It all begins with an idea.
Have you ever heard someone use the phrase “I can be so bipolar”? As a psychologist working in private practice this is something I hear often to refer to frequent or unexpected changes in emotions or moods (mood swings). Today, the use of mental health terminology such as ‘bipolar’, ‘trauma’ and ‘ocd’ can be used as everyday vernacular, and may speak to the common misconceptions about serious conditions that affect many people around the world. In today’s blog, we step beyond the idea of mood swings to tease out some of the nuance of living with bipolar disorder.
Understanding the Difference Between Emotions and Moods
The terms "emotions" and "moods" are often used interchangeably, but they are different psychological states.
Emotions
Emotions are intense, short-lived feelings that are typically triggered by specific events or situations. According to the work of Paul Ekman (https://www.paulekman.com/resources/journal-articles/) emotions have distinct physiological responses in body, and are intended to influence behaviour. For example, we may feel joy when receiving good news which prompts us to smile or embrace. Emotions are usually fleeting and can change rapidly in response to different stimuli. Have you ever watched a movie that has you laughing one moment and crying the next?
Moods
Moods, on the other hand, are more prolonged and less intense than emotions. They are not necessarily triggered by specific events, which is why you make wake up in a particular mood state, and can last for hours, days, or even longer. Unlike emotions, moods are less likely to result in immediate behavioral changes. However, moods can influence a person's overall outlook and behavior over a more extended period. For instance, someone might feel generally upbeat and feel more able to socialise and run errands, or feel more down and find it more difficult to spend time with others and complete tasks.
Key Differences
Duration: Emotions are short-lived, while moods are longer-lasting.
Intensity: Emotions are more intense and can lead to immediate reactions, whereas moods are less intense and more pervasive.
Cause: Emotions are usually activated by specific events or other stimuli, while moods may not have a clear cause.
Physiological Response: Emotions often come with noticeable physiological changes, such as increased heart rate or sweating, while moods do not typically have such immediate physical manifestations.
Whilst bipolar disorder is often characterised and diagnosed based on the presence of distinct mood states (keep reading for more on this), it is important to understand that bipolar disorder can impact how emotions are managed. Bipolar disorder features complex patterns of emotional and mood changes that require compassionate understanding.
The Spectrum of Bipolar Disorder
There are several types of bipolar disorder, each with its own pattern of mood changes that include a baseline state, an elevated state (mania or hypomania), and a low state (depression). While changes in mood states or ‘mood swings’ are often a key characteristic of bipolar disorder, they are not the whole story. Bipolar disorder is a complex mental health condition that can effect all areas of a person’s life. People living with bipolar disorder may also experience:
Changes in Energy Levels: During manic episodes, individuals may feel unusually energetic, while during depressive episodes, they may feel extremely tired and lethargic.
Altered Sleep Patterns: Manic episodes can lead to reduced need for sleep, while depressive episodes can cause excessive sleeping or insomnia.
Behavioral Changes: Manic episodes might result in impulsive or risky behaviors, such as spending sprees, unprotected sex, or reckless driving. Depressive episodes can lead to withdrawal from social activities and a lack of interest in previously enjoyed activities.
Cognitive Impacts: Both manic and depressive episodes can affect concentration, decision-making, and memory.
The Importance of Proper Diagnosis and Treatment
The complexity of bipolar disorder and the commonality of symptoms across many neurodivergent and mental health conditions, in addition to misconceptions about bipolar disorder can delay proper diagnosis and treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment can help individuals lead fulfilling lives and reduce the risk of severe episodes with effective management often involving a combination of medication, psychotherapy, lifestyle changes, and support from family, friends and community.
To seek a consultation for assessment, treatment or carers support, please get in touch with Jessica Bell Psychology today.